Nun im Themenbereich Chemisches Gleichgewicht
Topic Chemical EquilibriumAll problems and solutions as
pdf here.Learning objectives resp. question areas:
- from GW-01 : definitions, speeds
- from GW-10 : law of mass action, equilibrium constant K
- from GW-20 : influence of the balanced through T and P
- from GW-30 : influence of the balanced through c
- from GW-40 : [translation unavailable] and mixed exercises
- This forum has 28 topics, 28 replies, and was last updated 4 days, 7 hours ago by .
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- [Translation unavailable] reaction rate (GW-02)How is the speed (a reaction) defined?
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- Chemical equilibrium, speed, [translation unavailable] (GW-03)If any reaction is given, the reactants move on to the products.
(a) How are speed rates generally defined?
(b) What applies to reactants, what applies to products? - 1
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- Chemical equilibrium, speed rates (GW-04)We're going to give you the following reactions, and we're going to give you the same reaction, so…
… whole (!) numbers as coefficients
… for each substance its rate of velocity (d[X]/dt) is given.
a) Br2 + H2 ⇄ HBr
b) N2O5 → NO2 + O2
(c) A + 2 B → 3 C + 4 D (already balanced!) - 1
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- Collision theory (GW-05)Indicate how many (theoretical) collisions could exist between the reactants.
It is assumed that the reaction rate v is proportional to the number of the collisions
Furthermore, all educational components must interact with each other.- A + B
- A, B, D
- F, G, X, Z
- 2A + B
- 3A + 2B
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- RGT rule (GW-06)By what factor x does the proportion of molecules with an energy of Ea increase with a temperature increase of 10 Kelvin?
Various indications:- The relationship between temperature and k (the value sought at a given temperature) is given by the following Arrhenius equation:
- k = A · e(-Ea/R·T)
- A constant, characteristic of the reaction
- Ea, activation energy, 100 kJ/mol, typical value for many reactions
- R: Gas constant, 8.314 J/(mol·K)
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- Law of mass action, 1 (GW-10)A chemical reaction is given, so the reactants switch to the products. To do this, define the equilibrium constant K.
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- Law of mass action, 2 (GW-11)What three range values can the equilibrium constant K assume and how can these range values be interpreted?
Es of which:: reactants ⇄ products - 1
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- Law of mass action, 3 (GW-12)Provide the following reactions. Equal these if necessary and define for each (balanced) reaction the law of mass action.
Note 1: Do not forget the units and shorten as much as possible
Note 2: Use whole numbers for balancing, no fractions- H2 + O2 ⇄ H2O
- Br2 + H2 ⇄ HBr
- N2 + H2 ⇄ NH3
- N2O5 ⇄ NO2 + O2
- A + 2 B ⇄ 3 C + 4 D (already balanced!)
- H2O2 ⇄ H2O + O2
- CH4 + O2 ⇄ CO2 + H2O
- Fe + O2 ⇄ Fe2O3
- N2 + H2 ⇄ NH3
- HCl + NaOH ⇄ NaCl + H2O
- CaCO3 ⇄ CaO + CO2
- KClO3 ⇄ KCl + O2
- Zn + HCl ⇄ ZnCl2 + H2
- AgNO3 + NaCl ⇄ AgCl + NaNO3
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- Law of mass action, 4 (GW-13)Provide the balance between iodine and hydrogen:
H2 + I2 ⇄ 2 HI
Solve the following exercises. The entry 't=0' is to say that the start situation is considered, 't =GW ' that the system is now in equilibrium. Similarly, the data e.g. B at H2 are to be understood as concentrations ( mol/l).
Note: in case d) additional K is to be calculated.
Note: for e) there is an additional K=54.5.H2 I2 HI a) t=0 1.0 1.0 0 t=GW 0.3 ? ? b) t=0 2.0 1.0 0 t=GW 1.5 ? ? c) t=0 3.0 0 0 t=GW 2 ? ? d) t=0 9.32 8.05 0 t=GW ? ? 13.5 e) t=0 0 0 0.015 t=GW ? ? ? - 1
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- Law of mass action, 5 (GW-14)The following reaction is given if all substances are gaseous: CO + H2O ⇄ CO2 + H2
Which amount of substance H2 is of which:, where: with 20 mol CO, 30 mol H2O and 3 mol CO2 started is. K is 4.05 - 1
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- Law of mass action, 6 (GW-15)The substance ONBr decays at 500 ℃ at the following masses:
2·ONBr ⇄ 2·NO + Br2
Suppose only 9 percent of the ONBr decays. How large is K, where: only with 1.0 mol ONBr started is? - 1
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- Law of mass action, 8 (GW-16)Formulate the MWG (including units) for the formation of a) water and b) NH3 from the elements.
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- Law of mass action, 7 (GW-17)The following general equation is given: formulate equilibrium constant K.
1·A + 2·B ⇄ 3·C + 4·D At the time, the concentration was: c(A)= a, c(B)= b, c(C)= c, c(D)= d Formulate the equilibrium constant K in case the equilibrium…
(a) … shall be moved to the right.
(b) … is moved to the left.
Note: Suppose the change to the equilibrium of A is x. - 1
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- Effect of chemical GW, temperature 1 (GW-20)How can temperature affect the chemical balance?
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- Chemical influence GW, temperature 2 (GW-21)Assess whether the reaction to the product would be endothermic or exothermic, assuming that only the breakdown between the nitrogen atoms would have to be considered.
reaction: N2O4 ⇄ 2· NO2 - 1
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- Chemical influence GW, temperature 3 (GW-22)How can the equilibrium be affected by an increase in temperature (T ↑) or a decrease in temperature (T ↓) if it is indicated whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic?
- N2O4(g) ⇄ 2·NO2(g) Endothermic reaction
- N2(g) + 3·H2(g) ⇄ 2·NH3(g) exothermic reaction
- CaCO3(s) ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g) Endothermic reaction
- 2·SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2·SO3(g) exothermic reaction
- PCl5(g) ⇄ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) endothermal reaction
- CO(g) + 2·H2(g) ⇄ CH3OH(g) exothermic reaction
- NH4Cl(s) ⇄ NH3(g) + HCl(g) endothermal reaction
- C2H4(g) + H2(g) ⇄ C2H6(g) exotherms reaction
- CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO(g) + 3·H2(g) endothermal reaction
- H2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ 2·HCl(g) exothermic reaction
- N2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2·NO(g) endothermal reaction
- 2·NO(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2·NO2(g) exothermic reaction
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- Chemical influence GW, pressure (GW-25)Around the influence of the chemical GW by the pressure.
- In order for the chemical balance to be influenced by the pressure, there must be a fundamental property of the reactants and the products.
- How does the GW change with an increase in pressure ?
- How does the GW change with a pressure reduction ?
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- Chemical influence GW, pressure, 2 (GW-26)The following reactions including references to the state of matter are given. How does the balance change when… increasing the pressure (p ↑), decreasing the pressure (p ↓)
- N2O4(g) ⇄ 2 NO2 (g)
- N2(g) + 3·H2 (g) ⇄ 2·NH3 (g)
- N2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2·NO(g)
- 2·SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2·SO3(g)
- PCl5(g) ⇄ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
- NH4Cl(s) ⇄ NH3(g) + HCl(g)
- CaCO3(s) ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
- CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO(g) + 3·H2(g)
- H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2·HI(g)
- CO(g) + 2·H2(g) ⇄ CH3OH(g)
- C2H4(g) + H2(g) ⇄ C2H6(g)
- 2·CO(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + C(s)
- C6H6(l) + 3·H2(g) ⇄ C6H12(l)
- Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇄ 2·NaHCO3(s)
- NH4HCO3(s) ⇄ NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
- CuSO45H2O(s) ⇄ CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g)
- AgCl(s) ⇄ Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
- H2O(l) ⇄ H2O(g)
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- Effect of chemical GW, concentration (GW-30)Around the influence of the chemical GW by the change in concentration.
- How can the equilibrium constant K be affected by a change in the concentration of the products? Assuming p and T remain constant.
- Suppose the concentration of reactant is increased (in balance) reactant.
- Suppose a reaction removes some (or all) of the product.
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- Chemical influence GW, concentration, 2 (GW-31)The following reaction was given:
Fe3+ ([translation unavailable]) + 3·SCN– ([translation unavailable]) ⇄ Fe(SCN)3
The product is deep red, the texture yellow
How does the balance and colour of the solution change?- Addition of FeCl3
- Addition of KSCN
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- Influence of chemicals GW, Chatelier principle (GW-40)What is the principle of Chatelier ?
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- Influence of chemical GW, influence of reaction conditions (GW-41)How do the following reaction conditions work? Supplement / corrects the following statements:
- An increase in temperature favors an endothermic-exothermic reaction.
- A reduction in temperature favours an endothermic – exothermic reaction.
- An increase in pressure favours gas reactions that decrease in volume – increase in volume
- Pressure reduction favours gas reactions that are reduced in volume – increase in volume
- An increase in the yield of a reaction can be achieved by using an educate – excess products or by removing an educate – product from balance.
- A catalyst affects the position of a chemical balance
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- Chemical influence GW, cobalt complex (GW-42)Enter the following reaction:
[Co(H2O)6]2+ + 6·Cl– ⇄ [CoCl6]4- + 6·H2O
The water complex is pink, the chloride complex is blue.
The reaction is endothermic from left to right.
What is the reaction to the following: What are the following reaction conditions ?- Addition of hydrochloric acid, HCl
- Addition of silver nitrate
- Heating of the mixture
- Admitting water
- Admitting cooking salt
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- Influence of chemicals GW, mineral water (GW-43)Mineral water can be produced in the following quantities:
H2O (l) + CO2 (g) ⇄ H2CO3 (l)
Explain with Chatelier why an open bottle of mineral water becomes boring over time, and at the end of the day only There's water. - 1
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- Chemical influence GW, endothermic or exothermic (GW-44)At 25 ℃ an equilibrium has been established. If the reaction is now cooled to 0 ℃ the concentration of the product increases. Question: Is the reaction (→) endothermic or exothermic ?
For example, A + B ⇄ C - 1
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- Chemical influence GW, expansion (GW-45)Which side will the GW be shifted to when the reactor vessel is expanded? The reaction was:
PF5 (g) ⇄ PF3 (g) + F2 (g) - 1
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- Chemical influence GW, all reaction (GW-46)Given be the reaction: 1·A(g) + 1·B(g) ⇄ 1·C(g). The synthesis of the products be [translation unavailable].
How can a variation in pressure p and temperature T produce as much product as possible?
What are the practical consequences of the reaction conditions ? - 1
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